The behaviour of fish scale hydroxyapatite is supported by a growing body of independent, peer reviewed research. The studies below were conducted by academic and government research groups, not by Nizona and examine marine derived hydroxyapatite as a material class.
Detailed characterisation of fish scale hydroxyapatite confirms a calcium deficient, carbonated apatite carrying trace magnesium and sodium, a composition resembling the mineral phase of natural bone which controlled sintering around 900–1000 °C yields as a stable nanocrystalline phase.
Binsi et al., Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10842-y
In an animal socket preservation study, fish scale hydroxyapatite granules supported new bone formation comparable to a commercial bovine xenograft with graft resorption balanced against the rate of new bone growth.
Fish scale hydroxyapatite incorporated into 3D printed PLA scaffolds achieved compressive strength within the range of human cancellous bone with biocompatibility and bone formation markers comparable to a commercial graft.
Electrospun tissue engineering scaffolds containing fish scale nano hydroxyapatite passed the complete ISO 10993 biocompatibility battery cytotoxicity, skin sensitisation, acute systemic toxicity and implantation.
In an animal socket preservation study, fish scale hydroxyapatite granules supported new bone formation comparable to a commercial bovine xenograft with graft resorption balanced against the rate of new bone growth.
Fish scale hydroxyapatite incorporated into 3D printed PLA scaffolds achieved compressive strength within the range of human cancellous bone with biocompatibility and bone formation markers comparable to a commercial graft.
Electrospun tissue engineering scaffolds containing fish scale nano hydroxyapatite passed the complete ISO 10993 biocompatibility battery cytotoxicity, skin sensitisation, acute systemic toxicity and implantation.
